[15], Thus, Chinese metal type of the 13th century using tin was unsuccessful because it was incompatible with the inking process. [22], Amongst the various contemporary agricultural practices mentioned in the Nong Shu, Wang listed and described the use of ploughing, sowing, irrigation, cultivation of mulberries, etc. The design is as follows. Japanese Empress Shotogu- requested 1 million copies of a prayer to be printed . The most primitive form of printing occurred in ancient China before 220 A.D., in form of woodblock printing on paper. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty, approximately 1230. Although Wang's Nong Shu was mostly printed by use of woodblock printing, his innovation of wooden movable type soon became popularly used in the region of Anhui. Though not the inventor of movable type itself, he created the first mass-produced book. [14] In Wang's system, all the Chinese writing characters were organized by five different tones and according to rhyming, using a standard official book of Chinese rhymes. The press conference invited the Spokesperson of the Information Office of the People’s Government of XUAR Elijan Anayit and religious circles. [11] During the year of 1298, roughly one hundred copies of this were printed by wooden movable type in a month's time. Asian History of Printing. The block is then cut into squares with a small fine saw till each character forms a separate piece. [3] It listed and described many of the various foodstuffs and products of the many regions of China. ISBN 978-0-9797263-1-6. Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. [24] Furthermore, Wang used his treatise as a means to spread knowledge in support of certain agricultural practices or technologies found exclusively in either South or North that could benefit the other, if only they were more widely known, such as the southern hand-harrow used for weeding in the south, yet virtually unknown in the north. (1) Cast ... Chinese inventions of printing, gunpowder, and the mariner’s compass were brought to Europe by Arab traders during the Renaissance and Reformation. However, the earliest known book printed with wooden movable type to have survived from this era is the Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union —another Buddhist text, this time written in the Tangut … Johannes Gutenberg of Germany developed the first movable type for printing in the 15thcentury. [3] However, it was not intended to be read by rural farmers (who were largely illiterate), but local officials who desired to research the best agricultural methods currently available that the peasants otherwise would know little of. Wang Zhen’s works emphasized the problem of printing Chinese with moveable type there are just too many characters. Photo by Wang Zhen. [19], The main focus of the Nong Shu written by Wang was the realm of Chinese agriculture. But none of this type took ink readily, and it made untidy printing in most cases. Around 1.5 centuries later in 1300, Wang Zhen, a Chinese mechanical engineer, writer, inventor, and government official reinforced this technology. [14] Two revolving tables were actually used in the process; one table that had official types from the book of rhymes, and the other which contained the most frequently used Chinese writing characters for quick selection. The Chinese created a precursor to the European printing press. This mass-produced book and the ensuing industry of printing would be part of the driving force for the growth of the paper industry internationally. With this method, people would carve something onto a block which was then inked and pressed to paper. Pages 979–980. Modern printing started in the fifteenth century with the invention of a printing press using movable type by Johannes Gutenberg. "In improving movable type printing, Wang Zhen mentioned an alternative method of baking earthenware printing type with earthenware frame in order to make whole blocks. He hired people to carve movable wooden types and then designed a revolving typesetting plate to store the movable types according to the order of rhymes. [20] Furthermore, Wang incorporated a systematic usage of illustrated pictures in his book to accompany every piece of farming equipment described. After the types have all been set in the form, the spaces are filled in with wooden plugs, so that the type is perfectly firm and will not move. [18] Jin Jian, the official in charge of this project, provided elaborate detail on the printing process in his Wu Ying Tian Ju Zhen Ban Cheng Shi (Imperial Printing Office Manual for Movable Type). Wang Zhen's initial project to produce 100 copies of a 60,000 character gazetteer of the local district was produced in less than a month. Perhaps the best-known example of Chinese movable type printed books is Wang Zhen’s Book of Agriculture, printed in 1313. 1350)- first known to cut letter into wood to use as print. Paper Discovery Center | 425 West Water Street Appleton WI, 54911 | 920.380.7491. The upper one is connected by a driving-belt to a (smaller) wheel in front of it, which bears an eccentric lug (lit. Although controversial, one American author even argues that copies of the Nong Shu arriving in Italy may have inspired Da Vinci and sparked the Italian Renaissance. In improving movable type printing, Wang mentioned an alternative method of baking porcelain printing type with earthenware frame in order to make whole blocks. To achieve his ambition, an effective printing method would be needed to print not just a few copies but thousands of copies of an extensive manual, not only for the workers but also for officials who could guide their people. Although unsuccessful in Wang's time, the bronze metal type of Hua Sui in the late 15th century would be used for centuries in China, up until the late 19th century.[16]. [3] Although the previous Song dynasty was a period of high Chinese culture and relative economic and agricultural stability, the Yuan dynasty thoroughly damaged the economic and agricultural base of China during the Song–Yuan transition. At this point in time Gutenberg has created the movable type printing press. Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen later carved a more durable type from wood by 1298 CE, and developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. A compositor's form is made of wood, strips of bamboo are used to mark the lines and a block is engraved with characters. It is strung on an iron wire, and thus made fast in the columns of the form, in order to print books with it. [1] From 1290 to 1301, he was a magistrate for Jingde, Anhui province, where he was a pioneer of the use of wooden movable type printing. In any case, there is little doubt that Wang Zhen’s accomplishment should also be recognized with that of Gutenberg and other giants of innovation. [21] Wang also created an agricultural calendrical diagram in the form of a circle, which included the Heavenly Stems, the Earthly Branches, the four seasons, twelve months, twenty-four solar terms, seventy-two five-day periods, with each sequence of agricultural tasks and the natural phenomena which signal for their necessity, stellar configurations, phenology, and the sequence of agricultural production. Printing History of science and technology in … Wang Jie(868)- first known printer. There were however earlier printing processes and inventions that laid the groundwork for Gutenberg’s innovation. Wang ZhenWang Zhen (official)Nong Shu Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. [19] Wang's frame was also added after the type had already been set, whereas Jin printed the ruled sheets and text separately on the same paper. The Chinese during the Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) were the first to apply hydraulic power (i.e. Although metal movable type became available in China during the Ming period, wooden movable type persisted in common use even until the 19th century. [3] Hence, a book such as the Nong Shu could help rural farmers maximize efficiency of producing yields and they could learn how to use various agricultural tools to aid their daily lives. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. ^ a b c Pan, Jixing. [23] Of great interest to sinologist historians, Wang also outlined the difference between the agricultural technology of Northern China and that of Southern China. [18] The creation of movable type writing fonts became a wise enterprise of investment, since they were commonly pawned, sold, or presented as gifts during the Qing period. Around 1040, during the Song dynasty, Bi Sheng created ceramic movable type, while the invention of wooden movable type in 1297 is usually credited to Wang Zhen of the Yuan dynasty. [3] However, this was only slightly larger than the early medieval Chinese agricultural treatise Chi Min Yao Shu written by Jia Sixia in 535, which had slightly over 100,000 written Chinese characters. Before the printing press, everything printed utilized the method of block printing. At this point in time Gutenberg has created the movable type printing press. Wang Zhen’s primary innovation was a system that improved the speed and efficiency of typesetting. The Zhejiang provincial administration of press and publication bureau has also requested the founding of a wooden movable-type printing house. After Wang Zhen made these innovations two centuries later a man named Hua Sui decided to use bronze for typesets rather than wood or ceramics. That achievement came in 1455, just 142 years after the world’s actual first mass-produced book printed with movable type by long-neglected inventor and government official, Wang Zhen. This was recorded in AD 31, an innovation of the engineer Du Shi, Prefect of Nanyang. In 1541, two different significant publications using wooden movable type were made under the sponsorship of two different princes; the Prince of Shu printing the large literary collection of the earlier Song Dynasty poet Su Che, and the Prince of Yi printing a book written as a rebuttal against superstitions written by a Yuan Dynasty era author.[17]. [11] Rare and unusual characters that were not prescribed a number were simply crafted on the spot by wood-cutters when needed. Wang carved the written characters on wooden blocks and then sawed them apart, while Jin initiated the process by preparing type bodies before the characters were individually cut into types. [3], The Nong Shu was an incredibly long book even for its own time, which had over 110,000 written Chinese characters. inwards). "On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries," in Chinese Science Bulletin, 1997, Vol. Europe is home to the first mechanized form of printing. Wang Zhen was born during the Yuan Dynasty of China in 1271. Thus this is pushed back and forth, operating the furnace bellows far more quickly than would be possible with man-power. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. It had rotary tables to help typesetters quickly sort and process thousands of carved wooden blocks for use in a printing press. [11] Providing the necessary ink job was done by brush that was moved vertically in columns, while the impression on paper the columns had to be rubbed with brush from top to bottom.[11]. ), leather bag bellows were used in olden times, but now they always use wooden fan (bellows). He replaced the movable clay types with wooden blocks. [1] Although the title describes the main focus of the work, it incorporated much more information on a wide variety of subjects that was not limited to the scope of agriculture. [11], While printing new books, Wang described that the rectangular dimensions of each book needed to be determined in order to make the corrected size of the four-sided wooden block used in printing. [3] For example, one of the many devices described and illustrated in drawing is a large mechanical milling plant operated by the motive power of oxen, with an enormous rotating geared wheel engaging the toothed gears of eight different mills surrounding it. Wang Zhen explored several approaches but determined that wooden block movable type would be most effective since the many unique Chinese characters that would be needed could be quickly hand-carved. But for the smaller runs typical of the time it was not such an improvement. When the lug has finally come down, the bamboo (springs) act on the bellows and restore it to its original position. [19] For setting type, Wang employed a method of revolving tables where the type came to the workers, whereas Jin developed a system where the workers went to the organized type. Then in accordance with the turning of the (vertical) water-wheel, the lug fixed on the driving-shaft automatically presses upon and pushes the curved board (attached to the piston-rod), which correspondingly moves back (lit. Then the types are placed in the columns [of the form] and bamboo strips which have been prepared are pressed in between them. Prior to this the Chinese had their own version of the printing press. [17] After that point, the European printing press machine first pioneered by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century became the mainstay and standard in China and for the most part the global community until the advent of digital printing and the modern computer printer. His wooden moveable type was abandoned in favour of the clay because woodgrains in the type interfered with the even application of ink when printing. Although Du Shi was the first to apply water power to bellows in metallurgy, the first drawn and printed illustration of its operation with water power came in 1313, with Wang Zhen's Nong Shu. Wang Zhen’s primary innovation was a system that improved the speed and efficiency of typesetting. The Yuan-dynasty official Wang Zhen is credited with the introduction of wooden movable type, a more durable option, around 1297.
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