"[16] The party achieved national and international renown through their deep involvement in the Black Power movement and the politics of the 1960s and 1970s.[17]. [56] One of the two surviving assassins, Flores Forbes, fled to Las Vegas, Nevada, with the help of Panther paramedic Nelson Malloy. Huey P. Newton, a co-founder of the Black Panther Party and a leader of a generation of blacks in the 1960's, was shot to death early today in the neighborhood where he began his organizing. Huey Newton’s death from gunshot wounds outside a crack house on the streets of Oakland was the classic demise of the American desperado. They moved often within the San Francisco Bay Area during Newton's childhood. After his glory years in the 1960s during which time Newton was the most powerful voice in the Panthers’ crusade to establish equality for black Americans through militant organisation and community programs, the subsequent … According to a 2015 report by the Equal Justice Institute, from 1877 to 1950, a total of 37 black people were documented as lynched in that parish. [30], Heanes testified that the shooting began after Newton was under arrest, and one witness testified that Newton shot Frey with Frey's own gun as they wrestled. [69], On August 22, 1989, Newton was murdered at the corner of Tenth and Center Streets in the neighborhood of Lower Bottoms in West Oakland, California. [31][32] No gun on either Frey or Newton was found. "[21] Newton later decided to join a Christian church after the party disbanded during his marriage to Fredrika. After two trials and two deadlocked juries, the prosecution decided not to retry Newton for Smith's murder. Despite graduating from high school not knowing how to read, he taught himself literacy by reading Plato's Republic and earned a Ph.D. in social philosophy from the University of California at Santa Cruz's History of Consciousness program in 1980. But Mr. Garry said that Dr. Newton became paranoid and that his personality changed years ago when he became a target of the F.B.I., whose agents tried to infiltrate and disrupt the Black Panthers. He and Trivers became close friends, and they published an analysis of the role of flight crew self-deception in the 1982 crash of Air Florida Flight 90. [63][64] His doctoral dissertation entitled War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America "analyzes certain features of the Party and incidents that are significant in its development",[65][63] among which are how the United States federal government responded to the BPP as well as to the assassinations of Fred Hampton, Bunchy Carter, and John Huggins. Over the two year course of Newton’s original trial and two appeals, the coalition continued to offer its support until the charges were overturned and Newton was released on August 5, 1970. [53], In October 1977, three Black Panthers attempted to assassinate Crystal Gray, a key prosecution witness in Newton's upcoming trial who had been present the day of Kathleen Smith's murder. While recruiting, Newton sought to educate those around him about the legality of self-defense. Despite graduating from high school not knowing how to read, he taught himself literacy by reading Plato's Republic and earned a Ph.D. in social philosophy from the University of California at Santa Cruz's History of Consciousness program in 1980. He attempted to channel these "daily activities for survival" into significant community actions. According to the prosecutor handling the case,[49] Newton shot Smith after a casual exchange on the street during which she referred to him as "Baby",[50] a childhood nickname he hated. Newton was convicted in September 1968 of voluntary manslaughter for the killing of Frey and was sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison. All they did was try to rob me of the sense of my own uniqueness and worth, and in the process nearly killed my urge to inquire. [44] Newton was under the impression he was going to meet Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China, but instead had two meetings with the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, Zhou Enlai. Newton also used his position as a leader within the Black Panther Party to welcome women and LGBT people into the party, describing homosexuals as "the most oppressed people" in society. He married twice: first to Gwen Fontaine and then to Fredrika Newton in 1984. The Black Panther Party's beliefs were greatly influenced by Malcolm X. Newton stated: "Therefore, the words on this page cannot convey the effect that Malcolm has had on the Black Panther Party, although, as far as I am concerned, the testament to his life work. [9] The Newton family was close-knit, but quite poor. They garnered the attention of international news organizations, raising the profile of the party by astounding measures. Garry's pretrial motions argued that the Alameda County grand jurysystem was unconstitutional, secretive, and prejudiced against minorities and the poor. He attended Merritt College, earning an Associate of Arts degree. [74], Peoples Temple of the Disciples of Christ, Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam, Premier of the People's Republic of China, The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution, "Black Panther Party Community Programs (1966-1982)", "Black Panther Party Community News Service", "Huey Newton Found Shot to Death on Oakland Street: Black Panthers Founder Killed in High Drug Area", "Black History Month – Black Panthers Leader Huey Newton's Pro-Gay Rights Letter", "Supplement: Lynchings by County/ Louisiana: Ouachita", 2nd edition, Kaleb Causey, "Ouachita Parish's bloody past appears in lynching study", "Black History Month Faces and Places: Huey P. Newton", "Huey Newton Found Shot to Death on Oakland Street: Black Panthers Founder Killed in High Drug Area, Oakland, C.A", "Witness in Black Panther Trial Pleads Memory Loss", "The Black Panther's Secret North Korean Fetish", "Mistrial Declared in Newton Murder Case", "Key Newton Witness Is Reported in Hiding", "The Shadow of the Panther by Hugh Pearson", "Coast Inquiries Pick Panthers As Target; Murder, Attempted Murders and Financing of Poverty Programs Under Oakland Investigation", "Huey P. Newton Trial: 1968 - Two More Trials, Then a Dismissal", "War Against The Panthers: A Study Of Repression In America", "Suspect Admits Shooting Newton, Police Say", "Black Panther Party v. Levi, 483 F. Supp. After two subsequent trials ended in hung juries, the district attorney said he would not pursue a fourth trial, and the Alameda County Superior Court dismissed the charges. He served six months in prison. Newton was fatally shot on Center Street in … Black Panther David Hilliard took Newton to Oakland's Kaiser Hospital, where he was admitted with a bullet wound to the abdomen. Cofounder (with Bobby Seale), minister of defense, a… Sources for material used to support the dissertation include two federal civil rights lawsuits. Newton made the trip in late September 1971 with fellow Panthers, Elaine Brown and Robert Bay,[42] and stayed for 10 days. A 27-year-old Oakland man described as a small-time drug dealer was convicted Wednesday of killing Black Panther co-founder Huey Newton to … This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Realizing who Newton was, Frey called for backup. And this is why he felt no pain in giving up his life for the people's cause. Dr. Newton, who earned a Ph.D. in social philosophy from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1980, was shot several times, at least once in the head, said Officer Terry Foley of the Oakland Police Department. In his autobiography, Newton says of Warden, "The mass media, the oppressors, give him public exposure for only one reason: he will lead the people away from the truth of their situation. [57], In November 1977, Malloy was found by park rangers paralyzed from the waist down from bullet wounds to the back in a shallow grave in the desert outside of Las Vegas. Our meeting took place in Huey's penthouse eyrie, 25 floors above Lake Oakland. " It is a wonder that Newton lived as long as he did. They say he was shot three times in the head. He pointed out that black citizens were seldom chosen to serve. Based on a casual conversation, Seale became Chairman and Newton became Minister of Defense. In the wake of the embezzlement charges, Newton disbanded the Black Panther Party. A Change in Personality, ''I saw a very sweet side, a humane side, a dignified side, a man who was theoretically in favor of a better world.''. During those long years in Oakland public schools, I did not have one teacher who taught me anything relevant to my own life or experience. One man, who spoke on the condition that he not be identified, said: ''He knew everybody down here. This area is where he came up. [11] Newton attended Merritt College, where he earned an Associate of Arts degree in 1966. Newton faced a number of criminal charges over the years and at one point fled to Cuba before returning to the U.S. and earning his doctorate. The Eldridge faction, which had … Under Newton's leadership, the Black Panther Party founded over 60 community support programs[1] (renamed survival programs in 1971) including food banks, medical clinics, sickle cell anemia tests, prison busing for families of inmates, legal advice seminars, clothing banks, housing cooperates, and their own ambulance service. [37] Charles E. Jones, in the introduction to The Black Panther Party (Reconsidered), states that this claim has not been corroborated by others. [43] At every Chinese airport he landed in, Newton was greeted by thousands of people waving copies of the "Little Red Book" (officially titled Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung) and displaying signs that said "we support the Black Panther Party, down with US imperialism" or "we support the American people but the Nixon imperialist regime must be overthrown. Eventually, the illicit activities of a few members would be superimposed on the social program work performed by the Panthers, and this mischaracterization would lose them some support in both the white and black communities. One of Huey P. Newton’s causes was police brutality, but he himself was arrested on charges of killing a white policeman named John Frey. "[19] Although he had previously attended Nation of Islam mosques, he wrote that "I have had enough of religion and could not bring myself to adopt another one. As a teenager, he was arrested several times for criminal offenses, including gun possession and vandalism at age 14. Huey Newtonâ s death from gunshot wounds outside a crack house on the streets of Oakland was the classic demise of the American desperado. [10] Growing up in Oakland, Newton stated that he was "made to feel ashamed of being black."[9]. [8], As a response to the violence, the Newton family migrated to Oakland, California, participating in the second wave of the Great Migration of African-Americans out of the South. The most famous of these programs was the Free Breakfast for Children program which fed thousands of impoverished children daily during the early 1970s. "[44], During the trip, the Chinese arranged for him to meet and have dinner with an ambassador from North Korea, an ambassador from Tanzania, and delegations from both North Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam. Huey Newton was really alone among Movement figures in recognizing the change in the zeitgeist and making the most of it. But law-enforcement officers said they saw a much more lawless side. Newton posted bond after being arrested for pistol-whipping Callins, a crime for which he was later acquitted. [6], Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana, in 1942 during World War II, the youngest child of Armelia Johnson and Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist lay preacher. At the same time, Dr. Newton and the Black Panthers were accused of being controlled by the Communist Party and were investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. [ Obituary, page B7. ] In May 1970, the California Appellate Court reversed the conviction and ordered a new trial. Unbeknownst to the assailants, they attacked the wrong house and the occupant returned fire. [70][71] Newton's funeral was held at Allen Temple Baptist Church, where he attended following his conversion. Fred Hampton, Mark Clark, Bobby Hutton and dozens of other Black Panther Party members certainly did not. Monroe was located in Louisiana's Ouachita Parish, which had a history of violence against blacks since Reconstruction. Newton graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1959, without being able to read, although he later taught himself; The Republic by Plato was the first book he read. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. In recent years Dr. Newton continued to face numerous legal charges, served time in jail and fought to rehabilitate himself from alcohol and drug abuse. But law-enforcement officers said they saw a much more lawless side. Police investigators said today that there was no evidence that his killing was related to drugs. One suit was against the FBI and other government officials,[66] while the other was initially against the City of Chicago. The photo was a big hit, and the chair became an integral part of the movement. [4][5] In 1989, he was murdered in Oakland, California, by Tyrone Robinson, a member of the Black Guerrilla Family. Dr. Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in the death of the Oakland officer and served two years in … The Black Panther Party immediately went to work organizing a coalition to rally behind Newton and champion his release. Despite this, Newton said he never went without food and shelter as a child. Hevesi, Dennis. Under the leadership of the Black Panther Party and the Peace and Freedom Party, 5,000 protesters gathered in Oakland on Newton's birthday, February 17, 1968, in support of Newton. The slogan "Free Huey" appeared on banners and buttons at protests across the country. Huey Newton Killed; Was a Co-Founder Of Black Panthers, https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/us/huey-newton-killed-was-a-co-founder-of-black-panthers.html. [70] In 1991, Robinson was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to a prison term of 32 years to life. Newton would hold court with the community for hours, often with his shotgun on display as the symbol of the party's work for the survival of Black life through armed self-defense from police violence. He lived the life that we must praise. And, I think that we differ from some other groups simply because we understand the system better than most groups understand the system. At a news conference this afternoon, Lieut. Police said the body of the 47-year-old Newton was found outside a housing project in a west Oakland neighborhood that is known to be infested by drug dealers. Newton's body was cremated, and his ashes were interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland. Huey P. Newton, a co-founder of the Black Panther Party was found early Tuesday morning shot to death on a blood covered Oakland street. Traagic! According to Oakland County Supervisor John George: "Huey could take street-gang types and give them a social consciousness. Newton's achievements in civil rights and work on behalf of Black children and families with the Black Panther Party were celebrated. Most murders had taken place around the turn of the 20th century. As a student of Merritt College in Oakland, Newton became involved in the politics of the Bay Area. Robinson stated that his motive was to advance in the Bla… And in March he pleaded no contest to misappropriating $15,000 in public funds earmarked for a community school the party ran in the early 1980's. Huey P. Newton Death. [15] The Black Panther Party was an African-American left-wing organization advocating for the right of self-defense for black people in the United States. They sometimes made news with a show of force, as they did when they entered the California Legislature fully armed in order to protest a gun bill. His body was found lying in a pool of blood on a street in an Oakland neighborhood where residents say they fear they are losing the fight against drug dealing and poverty. Uh, we view each other with a great love and a great understanding. The group believed that violence—or the threat of it—might be needed to bring about social change. [51], Newton is also alleged to have assaulted his tailor, Preston Callins, after Callins called him "Baby." Later Newton concluded that Warden offered solutions that didn't work. Garry argued that trial juries also were unfair. Other Panther programs included the Free Breakfast for Children Program and others that offered dances for teenagers and training in martial arts. [55] Newton returned to the United States in 1977 to stand trial for the murder of Smith and the assault on Callins. In December the Peace and Freedom Party, a majority white anti-war political organization, joined with the Black Panther Party in support of Newton. Huey Newton was an African American political activist who co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1966. Huey Newton, the youngest of seven children, was born in Monroe, Louisiana, on ... full of love, strength, dedication to the people's cause, without fear. [58], After the assassination attempt on Crystal Gray, she declined to testify against Newton. On August 22, 1989, Newton was murdered at the corner of Tenth and Center Streets in the neighborhood of Lower Bottoms in West Oakland, California. On August 22, 1989, co-founder of the Black Panther Party For Self Defense (BPP) Huey P. Newton was murdered. Sein Vater, der seinen Sohn nach dem radikalen Politiker Huey P. Long benannte, war ein aktives Mitglied der National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Reporters were asking, “he is not a risk to anymore. However, due to immense public pressure, a retrial was held and Newton was acquitted. Romaine ‘Chip’ Fitzgerald’s Death Cause Relates to his Health Condition. After fellow officer Herbert Heanes arrived, shots were fired, and all three were wounded. "[49], During Newton's trial for assaulting Preston Callins, Callins changed his testimony several times and eventually told the jury that he did not know who assaulted him. After Newton taught himself to read, he started "questioning everything." [41] The trial, which began on July 15, quickly ascended beyond the scope of Newton himself, evolving into a racially-charged political movement. In 1968, he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for Frey's death and sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison. 251 (D.D.C. He also studied law at Oakland City College and at San Francisco Law School. ''They destroyed him over 10 years ago,'' Mr. Garry said. [36] In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, Newton wrote that Heanes and Frey were opposite each other and shooting in each other's direction during the shootout. [22][23], Newton would frequent pool halls, campuses, bars and other locations deep in the black community where people gathered in order to organize and recruit for the Panthers. Robinson stated that his motive was to advance in the Black Guerrilla Family, a Marxist–Leninist narcotics prison gang, in order to get a crack franchise. See the article in its original context from. [18] Many BPP members were accustomed to violence as they were from families that had left the South, where lynchings against blacks had caused thousands of deaths. [34] A doctor, Thomas Finch, and nurse, Corrine Leonard, attended to Newton when he arrived at the hospital, and Finch stated that Newton was "agitated" when asking for treatment and that Newton was given a tranquilizer to calm him.[35]. He was a member of Phi Beta Sigma. Hillard, David with Zimmerman, Keith and Kent. [57] Newton denied any involvement or knowledge, and said that the events "might have been the result of overzealous party members. Party Leader Huey P. Newton's unofficial office was a soul food restaurant-bar in North Oakland called Bosn's Locker. In 1978, while in prison, Newton met evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers after Newton applied to do a reading course with Trivers as part of a graduate degree in History of Consciousness. According to the prosecutor handling the case and other sources, Newton shot Smith after a casual exchange on the street during which she referred to him as "Baby", a childhood nickname he hated. '', Fred DePalm, who was awakened by the shooting this morning, said: ''To us, Huey Newton was a hero. Dr. Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in the death of the Oakland officer and served two years in prison before the case was overturned on appeal. Newton learned about black history from Donald Warden (who later would change his name to Khalid Abdullah Tariq Al-Mansour), the leader of the AAA. Huey Newton wurde am 17. The phrase “Free Huey!” was adopted as a rallying cry for the movement, and it was printed on buttons and t-shirts. "[61] Newton's cousin, Stanley Clayton, was one of the few residents of Jonestown to escape the area before the 1978 mass murder of over 900 Temple members by Jones and his fanatics through forced suicide. Together, Newton and Seale created the party's manifesto, the ten-point program. In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, he wrote. In a dramatic announcement, he declared the time had come to "put away the gun" and, instead, to "serve the people," which seemed sensible enough to me. In September 1962, Seale met Huey Newton at a rally protesting the Kennedy Administration's blockade of Cuba. Mike Sims said there were no suspects and no apparent motive. In May 1970, the conviction was reversed and after two subsequent trials ended in hung juries, the charges were dropped. One of the reasons, he argued, why black people continued to be persecuted was their lack of knowledge of the social institutions that could be made to work in their favor. It is alleged Huey was in Alta Bates hospital being treated for Alcohol and Drug abuse in 1984 the year my daughter was born, but, I didn’t find out till 2000. Elmer Pratt, the prominent Black Panther known by his nom de guerre, Geronimo ji-Jaga, died at 63 on June 2 in Tanzania. Here is all you want to know, and more! I needed a more concrete understanding of social conditions. He joined the Afro-American Association (AAA), became a prominent member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity's Beta Tau chapter, and played a role in getting the first African-American history course adopted as part of the college's curriculum. References to God or Allah did not satisfy my stubborn thirst for answers. Huey passed away on August 22, 1989 at the age of 47 in Oakland, California, USA. Not one instructor ever awoke in me a desire to learn more or to question or to explore the worlds of literature, science, and history. "[45], Following Newton's Asian trip, the Black Panther Party began incorporating North Korea's Juche ideals into the party's ideology. PayPal https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=ZV7RS7U9EU7QL Prominent Black Panther Kathleen Cleaver claimed the goal of the Free Huey! His parents named him after Huey Long, former Governor of Louisiana. When Newton wasn’t able to attend a meeting, the party would place a peacock chair on the stage in his … The second and third trials in the case ended in hung juries. After being granted parole on the weapons conviction, he returned to prison twice on parole violatons. He later continued his studies and in 1980, he completed a PhD in social philosophy at Santa Cruz.[13]. Februar 1942 in Monroe, Louisiana geboren. The Black Panthers were a thing to identify with along with Malcolm X and Martin Luther King.''. Within days, Tyrone Robinson was arrested as a suspect; he was on parole and admitted the murder to police, claiming self-defense — though police found no evidence that Newton was carrying a gun. Where His Work Began. The embezzlement charges were dropped six years later in March 1989, after Newton pleaded no contest to a single allegation of cashing a $15,000 state check for personal use. It was a life, no matter how he was oppressed, no matter how wrongly he was done, he still kept the love for the people. After his conviction in 1967 in the death of an Oakland police officer, radicals and many college students took up the rallying cry ''Free Huey.'' [72], [Outro: Huey P. Newton] [39] This alliance served the dual purpose of legitimizing Huey Newton’s cause while boosting the credibility of the party within the community of more radical activists.[40]. 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