[citation needed], The basic reproduction number of the flu in this period was estimated at 1.80.[29]. [26] The United States health authorities estimated that about 34,000[32][33] to 100,000[31] people died in the U.S; most excess deaths were in those 65 and older. The first record of the outbreak in Hong Kong appeared on 13 July 1968. The Hong Kong Flu was a flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. [24][25], The H3N2 virus returned during the following 1969–70 flu season, which resulted in a second, deadlier wave of deaths in Europe, Japan, and Australia. ... which were similar to those of the flu. In the United States, approximately 33,800 people died. In total, East and West Germany registered 60,000 estimated deaths. Hong Kong is taking rigorous action in various areas to contain the spread of COVID-19. The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. The Hong Kong flu, also known as the 1968 flu pandemic, was a flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed between one and four million people globally. The pandemic did not gain momentum until near the winter school holidays in the Northern Hemisphere, thus limiting the infection's spread. However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (such as many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. With our professional expertise and scientific know-how in innovative and established medicines, vaccines, and consumer healthcare portfolios, we are committed to helping people do more, feel better, and live longer. [14] The reported data were very limited due to the Cultural Revolution, but retrospective analysis of flu activity between 1968–1992 shows that flu infection was the most serious in 1968, implying that most areas in China were affected at the time. [22][23][24] Fewer people died during this pandemic than in previous pandemics for several reasons:[31], For this pandemic, there were two geographically-distinct mortality patterns. To learn more about the latest conditions imposed on inbound travellers from specified high risk places, please refer to here.. Other measures include stringent enforcement of quarantine orders and tightened practice of social distancing. [11] The Times was the first source to report the new possible pandemic. [34], Origin and outbreak in Hong Kong and China, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Pandemic Influenza Risk Management: WHO Interim Guidance", "World health group issues alert Mexican president tries to isolate those with swine flu", "No need to panic... yet Ontario officials are worried swine flu could be pandemic, killing thousands", "History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America", "Fifty Years of Influenza A(H3N2) Following the Pandemic of 1968", "How 1968's deadly Hong Kong flu left more than one million dead", "National Influenza Experience in Hong Kong, 1968", "Hong Kong Flu (1968 Influenza Pandemic)", "Origin and progress of the 1968-69 Hong Kong influenza epidemic", "History of influenza pandemics in China during the past century", "Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics", "200,000 in Rome Have Flu (Published 1968)", "Desert Sun 28 May 1969 — California Digital Newspaper Collection", "Forgotten Pandemic Offers Contrast to Today's Coronavirus Lockdowns", "Vaccine for Hong Kong Influenza Pandemic", "Maurice Hilleman: Creator of Vaccines That Changed the World", "Multinational Impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza Pandemic: Evidence for a Smoldering Pandemic", "Viral surveillance and the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemic", "Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature", "The 1968 Pandemic Strain (H3N2) Persists. Flu symptoms lasted 4 to 5 days. Hong Kong suspends poultry imports from Tochigi Prefecture in Japan on bird flu fears. [1][2][3][4][5] It is among the deadliest pandemics in history, and was caused by an H3N2 strain of the influenza A virus, which is descended from H2N2 (caused the Asian flu pandemic in 1957–1958) through antigenic shift—a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes are reassorted to form a new virus. [11] Despite the lethality of the 1957 Asian Flu in China, little improvement had been made regarding the handling of such epidemics. The subsequent 1968 influenza pandemic—or “Hong Kong flu” or “Mao flu” as some western tabloids dubbed it—would have an even more dramatic impact, killing more than 30 000 individuals in the UK and 100 000 people in the USA, with half the deaths among individuals younger than 65 years—the reverse of COVID-19 deaths in the current pandemic. [22], Four months into the Hong Kong flu pandemic, American microbiologist Maurice Hilleman and his team had created a vaccine and more than 9 million doses had been manufactured. This pandemic of 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide. Hong Kong, April 10 (ANI): Hong Kong Police have arrested over 10,200 people in connection with the anti-government protests in the last 20 months, signalling the extent of the crackdown launched by Beijing-backed authorities to silence dissenters. 1968 flu pandemic, also called Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968 or Hong Kong flu of 1968, global outbreak of influenza that originated in China in July 1968 and lasted until 1969–70. The same month, the virus entered California and was carried by troops returning from the Vietnam War, but it did not become widespread in the United States until December 1968. [15] At the time of the outbreak, the Hong Kong flu was also known as the "Mao flu" or "Mao Tse-tung flu". The egg-based H3N2 vaccine component was updated from an A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virus to an A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virus. It reached Japan, Africa, and South America by 1969. Data also showed Hong Kong had a higher proportion of Covid-19 infections among children than mainland China, Italy, Spain and the United States. The virus was isolated in Queen Mary Hospital. ... Hong Kong - Consulate General of Canada. [10][11][13][14], There were two waves of the flu in mainland China, one between July–September in 1968 and the other between June–December in 1970. This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 05:20. In the United States, approximately 33,800 people died. Hong Kong also started to mirror mainland China by not recognising dual nationality, preventing for the first time foreign diplomats from visiting locals with foreign passports in detention. More information: Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection In comparison to other pandemics, the Hong Kong flu yielded a low death rate, with a case-fatality ratio below 0.5% making it a category 2 disease on the Pandemic Severity Index. What We Can Learn From The 1968 Hong Kong Flu Pandemic NPR's Lulu Garcia-Navarro talks with epidemiologist Ed Belongia about the Hong Kong flu that's still circulating today, and what it … By the end of July 1968, extensive outbreaks were reported in Vietnam and Singapore. Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. The pandemic infected an estimated 500,000 Hong Kong residents, 15% of the population. The UK postal and rail services were also severely disrupted. Travellers who arrive in, or transit through, Hong Kong and have flu-like symptoms may be sent to a public hospital. The same virus returned the following years: a year later, in late 1969 and early 1970, and in 1972. [10][11] The outbreak lasted around six weeks, affecting about 15% of the population (some 500,000 people infected), but the mortality rate was low and the clinical symptoms were mild. Get the flu shot. [26] It remains in circulation today as a strain of seasonal flu. [15] The World Health Organization estimated the case fatality rate of Hong Kong flu to be lower than 0.2%. [15], The Hong Kong flu was the first known outbreak of the H3N2 strain, but there is serologic evidence of H3N1 infections in the late 19th century. Hong Kong's Department of Health checks for MERS-CoV at border control points. The flu spread from Hong Kong to the United States, arriving December 1968 and peaking a year later. [16][17][18][19], Worldwide deaths from the virus peaked in December 1968 and January 1969, when public health warnings[20] and virus descriptions[21] had been widely issued in the scientific and medical journals. Influenza (flu) is caused by a virus spread from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Hong Kong flu was one of the famous influenza pandemics in history. The hospital will isolate the person until they test negative for MERS-CoV. The cell- or recombinant-based H3N2 vaccine component was updated from an A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virus to an A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus. The pandemic infected an estimated 500,000 Hong Kong residents, 15% of the population. [2], Flu symptoms typically lasted four to five days, but some cases persisted for up to two weeks. [8][9][10][11] There is an unconfirmed possibility that the outbreak actually began in Mainland China before it spread to Hong Kong. In comparison to other pandemics, the Hong Kong flu yielded a low death rate, with a case-fatality ratio below 0.5% making it a category 2 disease on the Pandemic Severity Index. That same month, the virus entered California from returning Vietnam War troops but did not become widespread in the US until December 1968. [1] The disease was allowed to spread through the population without restrictions on economic activity, and a vaccine created by American microbiologist Maurice Hilleman and his team became available four months after it had started. It would reach Japan, Africa and South America by 1969. Those over the age of 65 were most likely to die. [14], By the end of July 1968, extensive outbreaks were reported in Vietnam and Singapore. It ultimately killed 100,000 people in the U.S., mostly over the age of 65, and one million worldwide. The Times newspaper was actually the first source to sound alarm regarding this new possible pandemic. For this particular virus -- Hong Kong flu in New York City in the late 1960's -- hardly anyone was immune at the beginning of the epidemic, so almost everyone was susceptible. Population was 200 million as compared with 328 million today. The Hong Kong flu, also known as the 1968 flu pandemic, was a flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed between one and four million people globally. We have long been providing differentiated, high-quality, and needed healthcare products to patients and consumers in Hong Kong and Macau. The 1968 pandemic was caused by an influenza A (H3N2) virus comprised of two genes from an avian influenza A virus, including a new H3 hemagglutinin, but also contained the N2 neuraminidase from the 1957 H2N2 virus. Will COVID-19? [6][7][8], The first recorded instance of the outbreak appeared on 13 July 1968 in British Hong Kong. By September 1968, the flu reached India, Philippines, northern Australia and Europe. [23][24] The same team also played a key role in developing a vaccine during the 1957-58 Asian flu pandemic. Despite the fatality of the 1957 Asian Flu in China, little improvement had been made regarding the handling of such epidemics. By that time, public health warnings and virus descriptions were issued in the scientific and medical journals. H1N1, associated with the 1918 flu pandemic, may have been transmitted directly from birds to humans. In North America (the United States and Canada), the first pandemic season (1968/69) was more severe than the second (1969/70). It was caused by an H3N2 strain of the influenza A virus, descended from H2N2 through antigenic shift, a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. [28], The Hong Kong flu strain shared internal genes and the neuraminidase with the 1957 Asian flu (H2N2). Hong Kong's Centre for Food Safety announced the ban on 15 March after Japan's agriculture ministry announced an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5 bird flu. [11], By September 1968, the flu had reached India, the Philippines, northern Australia, and Europe. Accumulated antibodies to the neuraminidase or internal proteins may have resulted in many fewer casualties than most other pandemics. [10][12], The outbreak in Hong Kong, where the population density was greater than 6,000 people per square kilometre, reached its maximum intensity in two weeks. The Hong Kong SAR is defined by the Basic Law signed between Britain and China in the run-up to the Hong Kong Handover in 1997. Hong Kong Flu Deaths. Over 600 people have already convicted, according to South China Morning Post. In Berlin, the excessive number of deaths led to corpses being stored in subway tunnels, and in West Germany, garbage collectors had to bury the dead because of a lack of undertakers. Lifespan in the US in those days was 70 whereas it is 78 today. [27], The H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains both contained genes from avian influenza viruses. © 2007-2021 Sino Biological Inc. All rights reserved, Common Cytokine Receptor Signaling Pathway, Special offer for recombinant expression customers, • 2009 Influenza Pandemic (H1N1 Swine Flu), • 1968 Influenza Pandemic (Hong Kong Flu), • H5N1 Influenza Pandemic Threat (Avian Flu), • Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) Protein General Information, • Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) Protein Structure, • Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) Protein Function, • Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) Subtypes and Flu Virus Strains. In Hong Kong, schools were dismissed after the Lunar New Year holiday in late January 2020 and remained dismissed until late May; during early July–late September, schools were dismissed again in response to a surge in cases of COVID-19 (Figure, panel A). Fewer people died during this Hong Kong flu pandemic than the two previous influenza pandemics for various reasons: some immunity against the N2 flu virus may have been retained in populations struck by the Asian Flu strains which had been circulating since 1957; the pandemic did not gain momentum until near the winter school holidays, thus limiting the infection spreading; improved medical care gave vital support to the very ill; the availability of antibiotics that were more effective against secondary bacterial infections. However, cross-immunity within and between subtypes of influenza is poorly understood. In some areas of France, half of the workforce was bedridden, and manufacturing suffered large disruptions because of absenteeism. In the "smoldering" pattern seen in Europe and Asia (United Kingdom, France, Japan, and Australia), the second pandemic season was two to five times more severe than the first. Japanese encephalitis. The estimates of the total death toll due to Hong Kong flu (from its beginning in July 1968 until the outbreak faded during the winter of 1969–70[30]) vary: However, the death rate from the Hong Kong flu was lower than most other 20th-century pandemics. The outbreak in Hong Kong, where density is about 500 people per acre, reached maximum intensity in 2 weeks, lasting 6 weeks in total from July to December 1968, however worldwide deaths from this virus peaked much later, in December 1968 and January 1969. The Hong Kong Flu (1968 pandemic influenza) H3N2 Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins and antibodies were the main research tools for this influenza pandemic. ", "Pandemics and Pandemic Threats since 1900", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_flu&oldid=1015006639, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Some immunity against the N2 flu virus may have been retained in populations struck by the. We will assume that there was a trace level of infection in the population, say, 10 people. Amongst other things, it protects Hong Kong’s capitalist system, prescribes the independence of the judiciary and the press, and gives a vague intention to move the SAR towards democracy—at least in theory. The 1968 influenza pandemic (the "Hong Kong flu") was a category 2 flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide.
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